CHARITABLE PURPOSES

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CHARITABLE PURPOSES - THE 13 HEADINGS

1. The prevention or relief of poverty

In the past, the courts have tended to define ‘poverty’ by reference to financial hardship or lack of material things but, in current social and economic circumstances, poverty includes many disadvantages and difficulties arising from, or which cause, the lack of financial or material resources.

There can be no absolute definition of what ‘poverty’ might mean since the problems giving rise to poverty are multi-dimensional and cumulative. It can affect individuals and whole communities. It might be experienced on a long or short-term basis.

Poverty can both create, and be created by, adverse social conditions, such as poor health and nutrition, and low achievement in education and other areas of human development.

The prevention or relief of poverty is not just about giving financial assistance to people who lack money; poverty is a more complex issue that is dependent upon the social and economic circumstances in which it arises. The commission recognises that many charities that are concerned with preventing or relieving poverty will do so by addressing both the causes (prevention) and the consequences (relief) of poverty.

Not everyone who is in financial hardship is necessarily poor, but it may still be charitable to relieve their financial hardship under the description of purposes relating to ‘the relief of those in need by reason of youth, age, ill-health, disability, financial hardship or other disadvantage.

In most cases, the commission will treat the relief of poverty and the relief of financial hardship the same. Generally speaking, it is likely to be charitable to relieve either the poverty or the financial hardship of anyone who does not have the resources to provide themselves, either on a short or long-term basis, with the normal things of life which most people take for granted.

Examples of ways in which charities might relieve poverty include:

* grants of money

* the provision of items (either outright or on loan) such as furniture, bedding, clothing, food, fuel, heating appliances, washing machines and fridges

* payment for services such as essential house decorating, insulation and repairs, laundering, meals on wheels, outings and entertainment, child-minding, telephone line, rates and utilities

* the provision of facilities such as the supply of tools or books, payments of fees for instruction, examination or other expenses connected with vocational training, language, literacy, numerical or technical skills, travelling expenses to help the recipients to earn their living, equipment and funds for recreational pursuits or training intended to bring the quality of life of the beneficiaries to a reasonable standard

The provision of money management and debt counselling advice are examples of the ways in which charities might help prevent poverty.

See also the commission’s guidance on the prevention or relief of poverty for the public benefit and social inclusion and its decision on AITC Foundation.

2. The advancement of education

Charity law gives a wide meaning to education and does not limit it to education in a classroom environment.

To be a charitable aim for the public benefit, education must be capable of being ‘advanced’. This means to promote, sustain and increase individual and collective knowledge and understanding of specific areas of study, skills and expertise.

Today, education includes:

* formal education
* community education
* physical education and development of young people
* training (including vocational training) and life-long learning
* research and adding to collective knowledge and understanding of specific areas of study and expertise
* the development of individual capabilities, competences, skills and understanding

The types of charities that are capable of advancing education include:

* education establishments such as schools, colleges and universities

* organisations supporting the work of education establishments, or associated with them, such as parent-teacher organisations, prize funds, standard-setting organisations, teacher training organisations, student unions, examinations boards

* pre-schools and out-of-school education such as playgroups, Saturday schools, summer schools, homework clubs

* organisations that support the physical education of young people such as youth sporting facilities

* organisations providing life skills training such as the Duke of Edinburgh award schemes, Scouts and Guides, Woodcraft Folk

* research foundations and think tanks

* learned societies such as the Royal Geographical Society

* museums, galleries, libraries, scientific institutes

* organisations which fund people’s education

* organisations that educate the public in a particular subject, for instance in human rights, climate change, physics, personal financial management

* information media such as the internet, radio, television, libraries, information centres, university presses, seminars, conferences and lectures

See also the commission’s guidance on the advancement of education for the public benefit and its decisions on Countryside Alliance Foundation, Living in Radiance and Millennium College UK Limited.

3. The advancement of religion

For the purposes of charity law, a religion is a system of belief that has certain characteristics that have been identified in case law and clarified in the Charities Act, which states that:

“religion includes:

* a religion which involves a belief in more than one god, and

* a religion which does not involve a belief in a god”

The intention of the legislation was to make clear that religions that involve belief in more than one god and those that do not involve a belief in a god are included within the meaning of religion derived from existing case law.

When considering whether or not a system of belief constitutes a religion for the purposes of charity law, the courts have identified certain characteristics which describe a religious belief. These characteristics include:

* belief in a god (or gods) or goddess (or goddesses), or supreme being, or divine or transcendental being or entity or spiritual principle (‘supreme being or entity’) which is the object or focus of the religion

* a relationship between the believer and the supreme being or entity by showing worship of, reverence for or veneration of the supreme being or entity

* a degree of cogency, cohesion, seriousness and importance

* an identifiable positive, beneficial, moral or ethical framework

Examples of ways in which charities can advance religion include:

* the provision of places of worship
* raising awareness and understanding of religious beliefs and practices
* carrying out religious devotional acts
* carrying out missionary and outreach work

4. The advancement of health or the saving of lives

The advancement of health includes the prevention or relief of sickness, disease or human suffering, as well as the promotion of health. It includes conventional methods as well as complementary, alternative or holistic methods which are concerned with healing mind, body and spirit in the alleviation of symptoms and the cure of illness. To be charitable there needs to be sufficient evidence of the efficacy of the method to be used. Assessing the efficacy of different therapies will depend upon what benefits are claimed for it (ie whether it is diagnostic, curative, therapeutic and/or palliative) and whether it is offered as a complement to conventional medicine or as an alternative. Each case is considered on its merits but the House of Lords Report on complementary and alternative medicine provides a useful guide.

The relief of sickness extends beyond the treatment or provision of care, such as a hospital, to the provision of items, services and facilities to ease the suffering or assist the recovery of people who are sick, convalescent, disabled or infirm or to provide comforts for patients.

The saving of lives includes a range of charitable activity directed towards saving people whose lives are in danger and protecting life and property.

Examples of the sorts of charities and charitable purposes falling within this description include:

* charities that provide (conventional and/or complementary, alternative or holistic) medical treatment, care and healing, such as hospitals and healing centres, and charities supporting their work or associated with them, eg Hospital Leagues of Friends;

* charities that provide comforts, items, services and facilities for people who are sick, convalescent, disabled or infirm, eg Hospital Radio;

* medical research charities;

* charities that provide services and facilities for medical practitioners, such as homes for nurses;

* charities that ensure the proper standards of medical practice, eg the General Medical Council

* charities that promote activities that have a proven beneficial effect on health

* charities that provide rescue services, such as lifeboats, mountain rescue, fire, ambulance, air ambulance and first aid services, or which assist the work of the police and rescue services for example by providing emergency radio communication at national and local disasters

* charities set up to assist the victims of natural disasters or war

* the provision of life saving or self defence classes

* the provision of blood transfusion services

See the commission’s decisions on General Medical Council, Living in Radiance, NFSH Charitable Trust Limited and Odstock Private Care Limited.

5. The advancement of citizenship or community development

The advancement of citizenship or community development covers a broad group of charitable purposes directed towards support for social and community infrastructure which is focused on the community rather than the individual.

Examples of the sorts of charities and charitable purposes falling within this description include:

* the promotion of civic responsibility and good citizenship, such as good citizenship award * schemes, Scout and Guide groups etc

* the promotion of urban and rural regeneration

* the promotion of volunteering

* the promotion of the voluntary sector

* promoting the efficiency and effectiveness of charities and the effective use of charitable resources

* the promotion of community capacity building

* charities concerned with social investment

See the commission’s reviews of the charity register and its decision on Guidestar UK.

6. The advancement of the arts, culture, heritage or science

‘Culture’ is a broad term often used in the context of advancing art or heritage.

The advancement of art covers a wide range of charitable activity including promoting various forms of art at a national/professional and local/amateur level, the provision of arts facilities and encouraging high standards of art. ‘Art’ includes abstract, conceptual and performance art and representational and figurative art. Charities concerned with the advancement of art, whether visual arts or the performing arts such as music, dance and theatre, need to satisfy a criterion of merit, details of which can be found in the commission’s Museums and Art Galleries (RR10).

‘Heritage’ might be regarded as part of a country’s local or national history and traditions which are passed down through successive generations. Advancing heritage includes charities for the preservation of historic land and buildings. Guidance on this can be found in the commission’s Preservation and Conservation (RR9). It might also include activities concerned with preserving or maintaining a particular tradition where the benefit to the public in preserving it can be shown.

The advancement of science includes scientific research and charities connected with various learned societies and institutions.

Examples of the sorts of charities and charitable purposes falling within this description include:

* art galleries, arts festivals and arts councils

* charities that promote, or encourage high standards of, the arts of drama, ballet, music, singing, literature, sculpture, painting, cinema, mime, etc, eg theatres, cinemas and concert halls; choirs; orchestras; music, operatic and dramatic societies

* the promotion of crafts and craftsmanship

* local or national history or archaeology societies

* local arts societies

* charities that preserve ancient sites or buildings

* charities that preserve a specified monument, building or complex of historic/architectural importance, or the preservation of historic buildings in general, such as building preservation trusts

* the preservation of historical traditions, such as carnivals, country/folk dancing societies, Scottish country dancing and highland dancing societies, eisteddfords, folk clubs, etc

* scientific research projects

* charities connected with various learned societies and institutions, eg the Royal College of Surgeons; Royal College of Nursing; Royal Geographical Society

See the commission’s decision on Fine Lady on a White Horse Appeal.

7. The advancement of amateur sport

The advancement of amateur sport means the advancement of any sports or games which promote health by involving physical or mental skill or exertion and which are undertaken on an amateur basis. The commission’s guidance Charitable Status and Sport (RR11) is being revised to reflect the definition of sport in the Charities Act.

Examples of the sorts of charities and charitable purposes falling within this description include:

* charities advancing sport at a local club, eg local football, rugby, tennis clubs etc

* multisports centres

* other organisations concerned with the promotion of a particular amateur sport or game

An example of a registered charity advancing amateur sport is the Hitchin Bridge Club, which was recognised as being established for exclusively charitable aims for the public benefit, namely for the advancement of amateur sport and providing recreational facilities meeting the requirements of the Recreational Charities Act 1958.

Some community amateur sports clubs are registered sports clubs, which means they are clubs that are registered with HM Revenue & Customs (HMRC) under Schedule 18 to the Finance Act 2002 (c.23) (relief for community amateur sports club). Community amateur sports clubs (CASCs) registered with HMRC benefit from a range of tax reliefs, including Gift Aid. Find out more about Community Amateur Sports Clubs from HM Revenue & Customs.

The Charities Act provides that an organisation that is registered with HMRC as a CASC which is set up for charitable purposes is to be treated as not being set up for charitable purposes and accordingly cannot be a charity. This means that an organisation advancing amateur sport can be registered as a charity, or registered as a CASC, but it cannot be registered as both.

8. The advancement of human rights, conflict resolution or reconciliation or the promotion of religious or racial harmony or equality and diversity

Guidance on the various ways in which a charity may promote human rights can be found in the commission’s The Promotion of Human Rights (RR12). That guidance clarifies the extent to which charities can promote human rights in countries whose domestic law provides little or no protection for such rights.

The advancement of conflict resolution or reconciliation includes the resolution of international conflicts and relieving the suffering, poverty and distress arising through conflict on a national or international scale by identifying the causes of the conflict and seeking to resolve such conflict. It includes the promotion of restorative justice, where all the parties with a stake in a particular conflict or offence come together to resolve collectively how to deal with its aftermath and its implications for the future. It also includes purposes directed towards mediation, conciliation or reconciliation as between persons, organisations, authorities or groups involved or likely to become involved in dispute or inter-personal conflict.

The promotion of religious or racial harmony or equality and diversity includes a range of charitable activity directed towards actively promoting harmony and the lessening of conflict between people from differing races or religions or belief systems and eliminating discrimination and promoting diversity in society.

Examples of the sorts of charities and charitable purposes falling within this description include:

* charities concerned with the promotion of human rights, at home or abroad, such as relieving victims of human rights abuse, raising awareness of human rights issues, securing the enforcement of human rights law

* charities concerned with the promotion of restorative justice and other forms of conflict resolution or reconciliation

* charities concerned with the resolution of national or international conflicts

* mediation charities

* charities promoting good relations between persons of different racial groups

* charities promoting equality and diversity by the elimination of discrimination on the grounds of age, sex or sexual orientation

* charities enabling people of one faith to understand the religious beliefs of others

See the commission’s decisions on Concordis International Trust and Restorative Justice Consortium Limited.

9. The advancement of environmental protection or improvement

The advancement of environmental protection and improvement includes preservation and conservation of the natural environment and the promotion of sustainable development. Conservation of the environment includes the conservation of a particular animal, bird, or other species or ‘wildlife’ in general; a specific plant species, habitat or area of land, including areas of natural beauty and scientific interest; flora, fauna and the environment generally. Charities concerned with environmental protection or improvement may need to produce independent expert evidence, that is authoritative and objective, to show that the particular species, land or habitat to be conserved is worthy of conservation. Further guidance on this can be found in the commission’s guidance Preservation and Conservation (RR9).

Examples of the sorts of charities and charitable purposes falling within this description include:

* charities concerned with conservation of flora, fauna or the environment generally

* charities concerned with conservation of a particular geographical area

* charities concerned with conservation of a particular species

* zoos

* the promotion of sustainable development and biodiversity

* the promotion of recycling and sustainable waste management

* research projects into the use of renewable energy sources

See the commission’s decisions on Cylch, Environment Foundation, Recycling in Ottery and The Wolf Trust.

10. The relief of those in need, by reason of youth, age, ill-health, disability, financial hardship or other disadvantage

There are a variety of charitable purposes which are directed towards the relief of those in need, by reason of youth, age, ill-health, disability, financial or other disadvantage. This includes relief given by the provision of accommodation and care to such persons.

Examples of the sorts of charities and charitable purposes falling within this description include:

charities concerned with the care, upbringing or establishment in life of children or young people, eg children’s care homes; apprenticing, etc
charities concerned with the relief of the effects of old age, such as those providing specialist advice, equipment or accommodation, drop-in centres, etc
charities concerned with the relief of disability, such as those providing specialist advice, equipment or accommodation or providing access for disabled people, etc
charities concerned with the provision of housing, such as almshouses, housing associations and Registered Social Landlord

11. The advancement of animal welfare

The advancement of animal welfare includes any purpose directed towards the prevention or suppression of cruelty to animals or the prevention or relief of suffering by animals.

Examples of the sorts of charities and charitable purposes falling within this description include:

charities promoting kindness and to prevent or suppress cruelty to animals
animal sanctuaries
the provision of veterinary care and treatment
charities concerned with the care and re-homing of animals that are abandoned, mistreated or lost
feral animal control, eg neutering

12. The promotion of the efficiency of the armed forces of the Crown, or of the efficiency of the police, fire and rescue services or ambulance services

The armed forces exist for public defence and security. It is charitable to promote the efficiency of the armed forces of the Crown as a means of defending the country. That includes ensuring that those forces are properly trained and equipped during times of conflict. It also includes providing facilities and benefits for the armed forces. Similarly it is also charitable to promote the efficiency of the police, fire, rescue or ambulance services as they exist for the prevention and detection of crime, the preservation of public order and to protect the public. (‘Fire and rescue services’ means services provided by fire and rescue authorities under Part 2 of the Fire and Rescue Services Act 2004 (C.21)).

Examples of the sorts of charities and charitable purposes falling within this description include:

* increasing technical knowledge of members of the services through the provision of educational resources, competitions and prizes

* increasing physical fitness of members of the services through the provision of sporting facilities, equipment and sporting competitions

* providing opportunities for service personnel to gain additional experience relevant to their jobs (eg aeroplane clubs for RAF personnel)

* supporting messes (NCOs and Officers) and institutes (other ranks), including the provision of chattels (items of plate etc)

* providing and maintaining band instruments and equipment

* promoting and strengthening bonds between allied units

* providing memorials to commemorate the fallen or victories

* maintaining chapels (eg regimental chapels in cathedrals) or churches

* researching the military history of a regiment or other unit, and publishing books about it

* maintaining a museum or other collection for the preservation of artefacts connected with a military unit or service and supporting military and service museums generally

* encouraging esprit de corps (loyalty of a member to the unit to which he or she belongs and recognition of the honour of the unit)

* providing associations which support a unit and enable serving and former members to mix together

* providing facilities for military training (eg drill halls)

* encouraging recruitment to the services (eg through exhibitions, air displays etc)

* provision of an emergency air or sea rescue service and equipment

13. Any other charitable purposes

This includes any charitable purpose not covered by the other descriptions of purposes and any new charitable purposes that may be recognised in the future as being similar to another charitable purpose.

Examples of the sorts of charities and charitable purposes falling within this description include:

* the provision of facilities for recreation and other leisure-time occupation in the interests of social welfare with the object of improving the conditions of life for the persons for whom they are intended.

Further guidance on this can be found in the commission’s guidance The Recreational Charities Act 1958 (RR4). (NB facilities made available to the public as a whole or to women only are currently regarded as charitable under the 1958 Act.

The Charities Act amends the 1958 Act so that facilities made available to men only are also to be regarded as charitable on the same basis. The Charities Act also repeals section 2 of the 1958 Act, which confirmed the charitable status of miners’ welfare organisations. This means that miners’ welfare charities whose charitable status had been confirmed by the 1958 Act will need to widen their objects to make their facilities available to other inhabitants of the local community (but still including miners) in order to remain charitable).

* the provision of public works and services and the provision of public amenities (such as the repair of bridges, ports, havens, causeways and highways, the provision of water and lighting, a cemetery or crematorium, as well as the provision of public facilities such as libraries, reading rooms and public conveniences)

* the defence of the country (such as trusts for national or local defence)

* the promotion of certain patriotic purposes, such as war memorials

* the social relief, resettlement and rehabilitation of persons under a disability or deprivation (including disaster funds)

* the promotion of industry and commerce

* the promotion of agriculture and horticulture

* gifts for the benefit of a particular locality (such as trusts for the general benefit of the inhabitants of a particular place); the beautification of a town; civic societies

* the promotion of mental or moral improvement

* the promotion of the moral or spiritual welfare or improvement of the community

* the preservation of public order

* promoting the sound administration and development of the law

* the promotion of ethical standards of conduct and compliance with the law in the public and private sectors

* the rehabilitation of ex-offenders and the prevention of crime

Charitable purposes have been extended and developed by decisions of the courts and the commission over the years by comparison with purposes originally held to be charitable. This development of the law reflects changes in social conditions. The process continues today.

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